Animal Cell Diagram With Label
Definition of animal cell
An brute cell is a eukaryotic jail cell that lacks a prison cell wall, and information technology is enclosed by the plasma membrane. The cell organelles are enclosed by the plasma membrane including the cell nucleus. Unlike the creature cell lacking the cell wall, institute cells take a jail cell wall.
- Animals are a big group of various living organisms that make up three-quarters of all species on earth. With their ability to motility, answer to stimuli, respond to environmental changes, and adapt to different modes of feeding defense mechanisms and reproduction, all these mechanisms are enhanced by their constituent elements in the body. However, animals cannot manufacture their own food similar plants and hence they depend on plants in one way or some other.
- All living things are made upwards of cells that make up their trunk structure. Some of these living things are single-celled (unicellular) and other organisms are made up of more than ane prison cell (Multicellular).
- A prison cell is the smallest (microscopic) structural-functional unit of measurement of life of an organism. The cells that found an animal are called Animal cells and those that constitute plants are known as plant cells.
- Most cells are covered by a protective membrane known as the cell wall which gives the cells their shape and rigidity.
- Since fauna cells lack a rigid cell wall it allows them to develop a keen diverseness of cell types, tissues, and organs. The fretfulness and muscles are made up of specialized cells that plant cells cannot evolve to class, hence giving these nerve and muscle cells have the ability to move.
Animal jail cell size and shape
- Animal cells come in all kinds of shapes and sizes, with their size ranging from a few millimeters to micrometers. The largest animal prison cell is the ostrich egg which has a 5-inch diameter, weighing nigh 1.2-one.4 kg and the smallest creature cells are neurons of about 100 microns in bore.
- Animal cells are smaller than the plant cells and they are more often than not irregular in shape taking various forms of shapes, due to lack of the cell wall. Some cells are round, oval, flattened or rod-shaped, spherical, concave, rectangular. This is due to the lack of a cell wall. Notation: most of the cells are microscopic hence they tin just be seen under a microscope in society to study their anatomy.
- Merely beast cells share other cellular organelles with institute cells as both take evolved from eukaryotic cells.
- As noted earlier, animal cells are eukaryotic cells with a membrane-spring nucleus. therefore they have their genetic material in the form of Dna enclosed in the nucleus. They also have several structural organelles within the plasma membrane which perform various specific functions for proper cell role and generally to maintain the body normal mechanisms.
List of Animal cell organelles
- Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies/Golgi complex)
- Lysosomes
- Cytoskeleton
- Microtubules
- Centrioles
- Peroxisomes
- Cilia and Flagella
- Endosome
- Vacuoles
- Microvilli
Brute cell structure
Figure: Diagram of Animal Prison cell, created with biorender.com
The fauna cell is made up of several structural organelles enclosed in the plasma membrane, that enable it to role properly, eliciting mechanisms that do good the host (animal). The working together of all cells gives an animal its ability to move, to reproduce, to respond to stimuli, to assimilate and absorb food, etc. Generally, the combined effort by all animal cells is what enables the normal functioning of the body.
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Beast cell organelles
The major jail cell organelles include:
Plasma membrane (Jail cell membrane)
Definition of Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)
Information technology is a thin semipermeable protein-membrane layer that surrounds an fauna cell.
Figure: Diagram of Plasma membrane (Jail cell membrane), created with biorender.com
Structure of Plasma membrane (Prison cell membrane)
- Thin semi-permeable membrane
- It contains a percentage of lipids making a semi-permeable bulwark betwixt the cell and its physical environment.
- It has some protein components a
- Information technology is very consequent around the cell
- All living cells have a plasma membrane.
Functions of Plasma membrane (Cell membrane)
- To enclose and protect the cell content
- To as well regulate the molecules that pass into and out of the cell, through the plasma membrane. Therefore it controls homeostasis.
- The proteins are actively involved in transporting materials across the membrane
- The proteins and lipids permit cell advice, and carbohydrates (sugars and sugar chains), which decorate both the proteins and lipids and assistance cells recognize each other.
Nucleus
Definition of Nucleus
- This is a spherical structured organelle found majorly at the center of a cell surrounded by a double-layered nuclear membrane separating it from the cytoplasm.
- It is held together to the cytoplasm with the aid of the filaments and microtubules.
- Information technology holds other cells organelles including the nucleolus, nucleosomes, and chromatins.
- A prison cell has one nucleus which divides producing multinucleated cells due east.m. the skeletal muscle jail cell fibers.
- Some cells lose their nuclei afterward maturations e.g. the carmine claret cells.
Figure: Diagram of Nucleus, created with biorender.com
Structure of Nucleus
- The double-layered membrane is a continuous channel of bleary from the endoplasmic reticulum network.
- The membrane has pores which allow entry of large molecule
- Nucleoli (Singular; nucleolus) are tiny/minor bodies found in the nucleus
- The nucleus and its component organelles are suspended in the nucleoplasm (House of the chromosomal Dna and genetic materials)
Functions of Nucleus
- The main office of the nucleus is to control and regulate cell activities of growth and maintain cell metabolisms.
- It besides carries the genes that have hereditary information of the jail cell.
- The chromosomal DNA and genetic materials, which are fabricated up of genetic coded ultimately brand up their proteins' amino acid sequences for utilize by the cell.
- Therefore, the nucleus is the information heart.
- It is the site for Transcription (formation of mRNA from Deoxyribonucleic acid) and the mRNA is transported to the nuclear envelope.
Cytoplasm
Definition of Cytoplasm
- This is a gel-like textile that contains all the prison cell organelles, enclosed within the jail cell membrane.
- These organelles include; Mitochondria, ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes intermediate filaments, microfilaments microtubules, vesicles.
Figure: Diagram of Cytoplasm, created with biorender.com
Mitochondria
Definition of Mitochondria
- These are membrane-bound organelles located in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
- The number of mitochondria found in each jail cell varies widely depending on the function of the cell it performs.
- For example, erythrocytes do not have mitochondria while the liver and muscle cells have thousands of mitochondria.
Figure: Diagram of Mitochondria, created with biorender.com
Construction of Mitochondria
- They are rod-shaped or oval or spherically shaped, with a size of 0.five to 10 μm.
- Mitochondria have two special membranes – outer and inner membrane.
- They have a mitochondrial gel-matric in the key mass.
- The membranes bend into folds known equally cristae.
Functions of Mitochondria
- Their primary part is to generate energy for the jail cell i.e they are the power generators, producing energy in class of Adenosine Tri-phosphate (ATP), by converting nutrients and oxygen into energy enabling the cell to perform its function and to likewise release excess energy from the cell.
- Mitochondria also store calcium which assists in prison cell signaling activity, generating cellular and mechanical heat and mediating cellular growth and death.
- The outer membrane is permeable, assuasive the transport of small molecules and a special aqueduct to transport large molecules.
- The inner mitochondrial membrane is less permeable thus allowing very small molecules into the mitochondrial gel-matrix in the central mass. The gel matrix is composed of the mitochondria DNA and enzymes for the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle or the Kreb's Bicycle.
- The TCA bike uses up the nutrients, converting them into by-products that the mitochondria apply for producing energy. These processes take place in the inner membrane because the membrane bends into folds chosen the cristae, where the protein components used for the principal energy production organisation cells, known as the Electron Send Chain (ETC). ETC is the chief source of ATP product in the body.
- The ETC involves several sequences of oxidation-reduction reactions to transport electrons from one protein component to another, thus producing free energy that is used for phosphorylation of ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) to ATP. This procedure is called the chemiosmotic coupling of oxidative phosphorylation. This mechanism gives energy to almost cellular activities including musculus motion and they power up the full general encephalon role.
- Some if not all proteins and molecules that make upward the mitochondria come from the cell nucleus. The mitochondrial nucleus genome has 37 genes of which 13 of these genes produce most of the components of the ETC. Notwithstanding, mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid is very vulnerable to mutations because they don't possess a large Deoxyribonucleic acid repair machinery, a common chemical element found in other nuclear DNAs.
- Moreover, Reactive Oxygen Species ((ROS)) also called gratis radicals are produced in the mitochondrion, because of the preference for aberrant production of free electrons. These electrons are neutralized past antioxidant proteins in the mitochondrion. However, some of the complimentary radicals tin damage mitochondrial Dna (mtDNA).
- Equally, consumption of alcohol can cause damage to the mtDNA considering excess ethanol in the torso causes saturation of the detoxifying enzymes leading to the production and leakage of highly reactive electrons into the cytoplasmic membrane and into the mitochondrial matrix, combining with other cellular molecules forming numerous radicals that significantly crusade prison cell impairment.
- Almost organisms inherit the mtDNA from their mother. This is because the maternal egg donates well-nigh of the cytoplasm to the embryo while the mitochondria inherited from the begetter'southward sperm is destroyed. This causes the origin of inherited and acquired mitochondrial diseases due to mutations transmitted into the embryo from the maternal and paternal Dna or maternal mtDNA. Such diseases include Alzheimer'due south illness and Parkinson'southward disease. When mutated mtDNA accumulates over time has been linked to crumbling and the development of certain cancers and diseases.
- Naturally, mitochondria play a major office in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and due to mutations in the mtDNA tin can inhibit prison cell decease-causing the development of cancer.
Ribosomes
Definition of Ribosomes
- They are small organelles majorly made up of sixty% RNA cytoplasmic- granules and forty% proteins.
- All living cells contain ribosomes, which may be freely circulating in the cytoplasm and some are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Information technology is the site for protein synthesis.
Figure: Diagram of Ribosome, created with biorender.com
Structure of Ribosomes
- Ribosomes are made upward of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In a eukaryotic cell, ribosomes establish half ribosomal RNA and half ribosomal proteins.
- Each ribosome is made up of two subunits i. e large subunit and small subunit with their ain distinct shapes. These subunits are designated as the 40s and 60s in the animate being cell.
Functions of Ribosomes
- Ribosomes that occur as gratis particles are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane occurring in large numbers bookkeeping for about a quarter of the prison cell organelles. A single replicated cell has well-nigh 10 meg ribosomes.
- The ribosomal subunits are the site for genetic coding into proteins. On the ribosomes, the mRNA helps make up one's mind the coding for Transfer RNA (tRNA) which likewise determines the protein amino acid sequences. This leads to the germination of the rRNA which are involved in the catalyzation of peptidyl transferase creating the peptide bond found between the amino acrid sequences that develop the proteins. The formed proteins then detach from the ribosomes, migrating to other prison cell parts for utilization past the jail cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Structure of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- This is a continuous folded membranous organelle institute in the cytoplasm fabricated up of a sparse network of flattened interconnected compartments (sacs) that connects from the cytoplasm to the cell nucleus.
- Within its membranes, in that location are membranous spaces chosen the cristae spaces and the membrane folding are called cristae.
- At that place are two types of ER based on their structure and the function they perform including Rough Endoplasmic reticulum and the Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Figure: Diagram of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), created with biorender.com
Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Manufacturing, processing and transporting proteins for cell utilization both in and out of the cell. This is because it is directly continued to the nuclear membrane providing a passage between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
- The ER has more than half the membranous jail cell content, hence information technology has a large surface area where chemical reactions have identify. They too incorporate the enzymes for almost all the cell lipid synthesis hence they are the site for lipid synthesis.
The variation in physical and functional characteristics differentiate the ER into two types i.e Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) – Rough ER is called "rough" because in that location surface is covered with ribosomes, giving it a rough appearance. The office of the ribosomes on crude ER is to synthesis proteins and they have a signaling sequence, directing them to the endoplasmic reticulum for processing. Crude ER transports the proteins and lipids through the prison cell into the cristae. They are and then sent into the Golgi bodies or inserted into the cell membrane.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) – Smooth ER is not associated with ribosomes and their unction is different from that of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, despite lying adjacent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Its function is to synthesis lipids (cholesterol and phospholipids) that are utilized for producing new cellular membranes. They are likewise involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol for certain prison cell types. Information technology also contributes to the detoxification of the liver after the intake of drugs and toxic chemicals.
- In that location is also a specialized blazon of smooth ER known every bit the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Its part is to regulate the concentration of Calcium ions in the musculus cell cytoplasm.
Golgi appliance (Golgi bodies/ Golgi complex)
Structure of Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies)
- These are membrane-leap cell organelles institute in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic prison cell, next to the endoplasmic reticulum and most the nucleus.
- Golgi bodies are supported together by cytoplasmic microtubules and held by a protein matrix
- It is made up of flattened stacked pouches known as cisternae.
- These cisternae may be 4- 10 in number for fauna jail cell Golgi bodies though some organisms similar single-celled organisms have most 60 cisternae.
- They have three main compartments known as cis (Cisternae Nearest the Endoplasmic Reticulum), medial (central layers of cisternae) and the trans (cisternae uttermost from the endoplasmic reticulum).
- Animal cells have very few (1-2) Golgi bodies while plants have a few hundred.
Effigy: 2D and 3D Diagram of Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies or Golgi complex), created with biorender.com
Functions of Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies)
- Their primary function is to transport, modify and pack proteins and lipids into the Golgi vesicles to deliver them to their target sites. Animal cells comprise ane or more than Golgi bodies while plants have a few hundred.
- Cis and trans Golgi network make up the outer layer of cisternae at the cis and trans confront and they are responsible for sorting proteins and lipids received at the cis face and released by the trans face, past the Golgi bodies.
- The cis face collects the proteins and lipids, of fused vesicles in clusters. The fused vesicles move along the microtubules through a specialized compartment known as the vesicular-tubular cluster. This compartment is plant betwixt the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi appliance.
- The vesicle clusters fuse with the cis Golgi network, delivering the proteins and lipids into the cis face up cisternae and as they motility from the cis face to the trans face, they get modified to functional units. These functional units go delivered to intracellular and extracellular components of the cell.
- Modification mechanisms include:
- Cleaving of oligosaccharides chains
- Attachment of saccharide moieties of different side bondage
- Adding fat acids and/or phosphate groups past phosphorylation, and/or removing monosaccharides e.one thousand. the removal of the mannose moieties takes place in the cis and the medial cisternae while calculation of galactose takes identify in the trans cisternae.
- Sorting of the modified proteins and lipids occurs in the trans-Golgi network and packed into the trans vesicles, which then delivers them to the lysosomes or sometimes to the cell membrane for exocytosis. Assisted past ligands spring to receptors triggering fusion and protein secretion.
Lysosomes
It is likewise known as cell vesicles; Lysosomes were discovered by Christian Rene de Duve, a Belgian cytologist in the 1950s.
Effigy: 2D and 3D Diagram of Lysosomes, created with biorender.com
Structure of Lysosomes
- They are round subcellular organelle institute in almost all eukaryotic cells
- Lysosomes are very acidic organelles containing the digestive enzymes and therefore each of the lysosomes is surrounded by a membrane to protect it from the outer environment.
Functions of Lysosomes
- This is the site for digestion of prison cell nutrients, excretion, and prison cell renewal.
- Lysosomes suspension downwardly macromolecules components from the outside of the cell into simpler elements that are transported into the cytoplasm via a proton pump to build new cell materials.
- These macromolecule components include onetime cells and parts, cell waste matter products, microorganisms, and cell debris.
- The digestive enzymes plant in the lysosomes are chosen hydrolytic enzymes or acid hydrolases, breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules that tin can exist utilized past the cell.
- These enzymes likewise break down big molecules e. g proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, into minor molecules due east.chiliad. amino acids and elementary sugars, fatty acids, respectively.
- Note: The enzymes are active but on the inside of the acidic lysosome and their acerbity protects the prison cell from degrading itself when in that location is lysosomal leakage considering the cell pH is neutral to slightly alkaline.
Cytoskeleton
Structure of Cytoskeleton
- This is a fibrous network that'south formed from and by different proteins of long chains of amino acids.
- These proteins are establish in the cell cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cells.
- They are also made up of 3 types of tiny filaments: Actin filaments (Microfilaments), Microtubules, Intermediate filaments.
Figure: Diagram of Cytoskeleton, created with biorender.com
Functions of Cytoskeleton
- The cytoskeleton functions to create a network organizing the jail cell components and to as well maintain the cell shape.
- Information technology besides provided a compatible move of the cell and its organelles, by the filament organisation network plant in the jail cell's cytoplasm.
- It also organizes some of the cell components maintaining the cell shape
- Information technology plays a major role in the motility of the cell and some cell organelles in the cytoplasm.
- The tiny filaments include:
- Actin filaments; also known as microfilaments; information technology's a meshwork of fibers running parallel to each other and they play a primary office in giving the cell its shape; they change consistently, helping the cell to motility and to as well mediate sure cell activities such as adherence power to substrates and cleavage mechanisms during mitotic jail cell division
- Microtubules-these are long filaments that assist in mitosis moving daughter chromosomes to new forming daughter cells.
- Intermediate filaments– they are more stable filaments in comparing to the actin and microtubules. They grade the true skeleton of the cell, and the hold the nucleus in its rightful position inside the cell.
- Information technology also allows the cell's elasticity factor enabling it to endure physical tension.
- Other proteins that may be added equally part of the cytoskeleton of the cell include septin ((assembles the filaments) and spectrin (help maintain the structure of the cell past pulling together the cell membrane with the intracellular surface of the cell).
Microtubules
Structure of Microtubules
- These are long, directly, hollow cylinders filaments that are constructed from xiii-fifteen sub-filaments (protofilament) strand of a special globular protein called tubulin, found only in eukaryotic cells.
- They are found throughout the cytoplasm of the animal cell.
Effigy: Diagram of Microtubules, created with biorender.com
Functions of Microtubules
- Transportation of some organelles like the mitochondria and the vesicles i.e. transporting vesicles from the neuron cell body to the axon tips, and back to the cell trunk
- Structural support, they give characteristic support to the Golgi bodies, property them inside the gel-matrix of the cytoplasm.
- They provide the rigid and organized component of the cytoskeleton of the cell, enabling a jail cell to take upwardly a detail shape.
- They are the main elements that brand upwardly the locomotive projections of a prison cell (cilia and flagella)
- They besides play a function in forming the spindle fibers of the chromosome of the cell during mitotic prison cell sectionalization.
Centrioles
This is distinctly constitute in the animal cell, which has the ability to replicate or make copies by itself. It is fabricated up of ix microtubule bundles and their primary part is to assist in organizing the jail cell sectionalization process.
Figure: Diagram of Centrioles, created with biorender.com
Structure of Centrioles
- It is a small structure that is fabricated up of nine sets of microtubules, placed in groups of three hence they are triplet microtubules.
- As triplets, they remain very strong together hence they take been observed to exist in structures similar cilia and flagella.
- The triplet microtubules are held together past proteins, giving the centriole its shape.
- They are institute in the centrosome, creating and holding microtubules within the jail cell.
- The triplet microtubules are surrounded past a pericentriolar matrix containing molecules that build up the microtubules.
- Each microtubule within the triplet microtubule complex is fabricated upwardly of tubulin subunits that join together forming long hollow tubes that look like straw (microtubules).
Functions of Centrioles
- The centriole microtubules allow the transportation of substances that are linked together with a glycoprotein to whatsoever prison cell location. the glycoprotein linkage acts equally a signaling unit to move specific proteins.
- The centrioles ballast the microtubules that extend from it and comprise the factors needed to create more tubules.
- Mitosis is accomplished past replication of each centriole which makes duplicates of each centriole (4 centrioles). The newly formed centrioles divide into two centrosomes, each centriole at an bending to the second centriole. The microtubules between the centrosomes, push button the pairs of centrioles apart, to the opposite ends of the cell. When the centrioles are in place, the microtubules extend to the cell cytoplasm, to seek for the chromosome. The microtubules so bind to the chromosome at the centromere. The microtubules are and then unassembled fro the centriole moving the chromosomes autonomously.
Peroxisomes
These are tiny bodies found in the cytoplasm.
Figure: Diagram of Peroxisome, created with biorender.com
Structure of Peroxisomes
- They are spherically shaped, leap by a membrane and they are the most common micro-bodies in the cell cytoplasm.
Functions of Peroxisomes
- Peroxisomes functions include:
- Lipid metabolism
- Chemical detoxification past moving hydrogen atoms from diverse oxygen molecules to produce hydrogen peroxide, hence neutralizing torso poison such equally booze.
- Its machinery in Reactive Oxygen species is highly essential.
Cilia and Flagella
These are locomotive projections plant on the surface of the jail cell.
Figure: Diagram of Cilia and Flagella, created with biorender.com
Structure of Cilia and flagella
- They are made of strands of filaments. these filaments have fractional and complete microtubules that extend the projections. Partial microtubules don't extend to the tip of the cilium and the complete microtubules extend to the tip of the cilium.
- The microtubules likewise have motor proteins known every bit dynein making a link betwixt the partial microtubules to the complete microtubules.
- The whole drove is combined together as extensions on the plasma membrane of the cell.
Functions of Cilia and flagella
- Sperm cells have flagella allowing them to swim to the ova for fertilization. For single cells, such as sperm, this enables them to swim.
- Cilia in the creature cell helps move fluids away from and by immobile cells.
- Cilia help movement surface particles peculiarly on the epithelial lining of the nostrils and move mucus over the surface of the jail cell.
Endosome
These are vesicles bound past membranes and formed by a mechanism of endocytosis. They are found in the cell cytoplasm.
Figure: Diagram of Endosomes, created with biorender.com
Structure of Endosome
- They are bleary organelles that are jump to the cell membrane.
Functions of Endosome
- Its main function involves folding in of the plasma membrane. The folding allows diffusing in of molecules through the extracellular fluids.
- Their primary role is to remove waste materials from the cell by endocytic processes such equally exocytosis and phagocytosis
Vacuoles
These are fluid-filled prison cell organelles enclosed by a membrane.
Figure: Diagram of Vacuole, created with biorender.com
Structure of Vacuoles
- They are membrane-leap sacs found inside the jail cell cytoplasm.
- The vacuole sac has a single membrane surrounding information technology known every bit a tonoplast and this membrane resembles the plasma membrane.
Functions of Vacuoles
- their primary function is to store nutrient, h2o, carbohydrates in the class of sugars and waste material materials.
- Tonoplast is a regulator controlling the inflow and outflow of pocket-sized across a protein pump
- acts as the guard for what kinds of matter are allowed passage to and from vacuoles
- They also remove toxic substances and waste materials from the cell as a protection strategy.
- They also remove poorly folded proteins from the cell.
- Vacuoles as well can be able to change their functionality to provide necessary roles that suit the cell, by beingness able to change shape and size.
Microvilli
These are surface protrusions establish in the intestinal lining, on egg cell surfaces, and on white blood cells.
Figure: Diagram of Microvilli, created with biorender.com
Construction of Microvilli
- These are surface protrusions formed from accessory proteins of the actin filaments. The accessory proteins parcel together to form microvilli on the surface of the cell membrane
Functions of Microvilli
- In the small intestines, they increase the surface area for the assimilation of digested food and water. Some microvilli may be establish in the ear for detection of audio and they transmit the sound waves to the brain through an electric bespeak.
- They likewise help to anchor the sperm to the egg for easy fertilization.
- In white blood cells, they also deed as anchors allowing the white blood cells to freely move in the circulatory organisation to attach to possible pathogens.
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- <one% – https://byjus.com/biology/animal-prison cell/
- <1% – https://bscb.org/learning-resource/softcell-e-learning/ribosome/
- <ane% – https://brainly.com/question/5430031
- <1% – https://brainly.com/question/2779157
- <1% – https://biologywise.com/plant-cell-organelles
- <1% – https://biologywise.com/jail cell-membrane-construction-function
- <1% – https://biologydictionary.net/smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum/
- <i% – https://alevelbiology.co.britain/notes/organelle-construction-role/
- <1% – https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/56/11/B475/591131
- <one% – http://www.cytochemistry.cyberspace/cell-biology/cilia.htm
- <1% – http://www.biologyreference.com/Co-Dn/Cytoskeleton.html
- <1% – http://new-evidence.pow/10175215158/142/rough-endoplasmic-reticulum.html
Animal Cell Diagram With Label,
Source: https://microbenotes.com/animal-cell-definition-structure-parts-functions-and-diagram/
Posted by: nguyenshearompal1984.blogspot.com
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